#182 Chew on This: Why gum is good for your post-operative bum

CLINICAL QUESTION

QUESTION CLINIQUE

Does chewing gum after surgery improve bowel function?

BOTTOM LINE

RÉSULTAT FINAL

Chewing gum in post abdominal surgery patients shortens time to first flatus (by 10 hours), time to first bowel motion (by ~1/2 day), and length of hospital stay (by~0.7 days). For every five patients treated, one fewer will develop ileus. Chewing gum in non-post-surgical constipation has not been studied.

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EVIDENCE

DONNÉES PROBANTES

Use in colorectal, gynecological, and other abdominal surgeries:
- Systematic review of 81 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) comparing post-operative chewing gum to any intervention (9,072 patients):¹
  - Chewing gum resulted in statistically significant decreases in:
    - Time to first flatus (TFF): By 10 hours.
    - Time to first bowel motion (TFBM): By 13 hours.
    - Length of stay (LOS): By 0.7 days.
  - Other post-operative complications (like nausea/vomiting) similar.¹
  - Limitations: Majority small studies, open-label, patients with previous abdominal surgery or intra-operative complications often excluded.
- Recent high quality RCT (after systematic review): 112 Dutch patients, open colorectal surgery randomized to chewing gum or placebo dermal patch.² Chewing gum significantly:
  - Improved number of patients with first bowel motion within three days: 85% versus 57%: Number Needed to Treat (NNT)=4.
  - Decreased ileus at Day 5 (27% versus 48%, NNT=5) and LOS (9.5 versus 14 days).
Use with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) programs: Four RCTs (571 patients) post-colorectal surgery, decreased TFBM by 21 hours, but no significant difference in TFF or LOS.¹
- Limitation: High quality and largest study (>72% of above patients) measured outcomes in days (not hours).³
Cesarean sections:⁴ Seventeen RCTs (3,149 patients), chewing gum versus usual care significantly decreased: TFF (7 hours), TFBM (9 hours), and hospital LOS (9 hours).

Context:

Timing of intervention, type, frequency, and duration of gum use varied across studies.^1,4 Commonly, patients chewed gum 3-4 times per day, starting 2-3 hours after surgery.
ERAS interventions, including early feeding, venous thromboembolism, antibiotic prophylaxis, laparoscopic surgery when appropriate, early mobilization, adequate analgesia, and anti-emetics⁵ reduce post-operative colorectal surgery complications, hospitalizations (~1-3 days),^6-8 and health care costs.⁹
Chewing gum for idiopathic constipation has not been studied.