#174 Target/higher dosing of medications in heart failure—is it necessary?
CLINICAL QUESTION
Does getting to target/higher doses of heart failure (HF) medications improve outcomes and/or increase side effects?
BOTTOM LINE
In HF patients, higher dose angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) versus lower doses result in non-significant improvements in mortality, and inconsistent decreases in HF hospitalizations. Higher doses cause more dizziness or hypotension (4-15%), dose reductions (20%), and stopping (2-8%). Starting on low doses and focusing on tolerability is essential.
Reading Tools for Practice Article can earn you MainPro+ Credits
Join NowAlready a CFPCLearn Member? Log in
EVIDENCE
Largest randomized controlled trials (usually Class 2 HF), comparing high versus low dose.
- Beta-blockers:
- MOCHA:1 345 patients; BID carvedilol 25 mg versus 6.25 mg x6 months.
- No statistical difference in:
- Mortality: 1% versus 6%.
- Cardiovascular hospitalizations: Both 11%.
- Dizziness: 24% versus 38%.
- Bradycardia: 12% versus 1%, Number Needed to Harm (NNH)=10.
- No statistical difference in:
- J-CHF:2 364 patients; BID carvedilol 10 mg versus 1.25 mg x3 years.
- No statistical difference in death/hospitalization for HF/cardiovascular disease (21% versus 23%).
- More required dose reduction (23% versus 0.7%), NNH=5.
- Meta-regression confirms lack of increased dose benefit.3
- MOCHA:1 345 patients; BID carvedilol 25 mg versus 6.25 mg x6 months.
- ACE inhibitors:
- ATLAS:4 3,164 patients (77% class 3 HF); lisinopril 32.5-35 mg versus
2.5-5 mg x4 years:
- No statistical difference in:
- Mortality: 43% versus 45%.
- Any hospitalization: 37% versus 39%.
- Decreased mortality plus hospitalization (80% versus 84%), NNT=25.
- More dizziness (19% versus 12%) and hypotension (11% versus 7%).
- No statistical difference in:
- NETWORK:5 1,532 ACE naïve patients, BID enalapril 10 mg versus 2.5 mg x6 months:
- No statistical difference in:
- Death/HF hospitalization or worsening symptoms: 15% versus 13%.
- More treatment withdrawals (27% versus 19%), NNH=13.
- No statistical difference in:
- ATLAS:4 3,164 patients (77% class 3 HF); lisinopril 32.5-35 mg versus
2.5-5 mg x4 years:
- ARBs:
- HEAAL:6 3,846 patients; losartan 150 mg versus 50 mg x4.7 years:
- Death/HF admission: 43% versus 47%, NNT=30.
- HF admission: 23% versus 26%, NNT=35.
- Similar overall mortality: 33% versus 35%.
- More hypotension and hyperkalemia: NNH~30 each.
- Death/HF admission: 43% versus 47%, NNT=30.
- HEAAL:6 3,846 patients; losartan 150 mg versus 50 mg x4.7 years:
- Smaller studies report similar.7-9
- Evidence supports “triple therapy” in HF: Beta-blocker, ACE/ARB, and aldosterone antagonists.10
- Target doses often unattainable, even in clinical trials.
- Only ~50% achieve 50% of target doses.11
- Despite inconsistent RCT evidence, guidelines still recommend trying to achieve target/higher doses12 based in part on non-dose response HF studies (CONSENSUS13 MERIT14 and VALIANT15).
Latest Tools for Practice
#364 Facing the Evidence in Acne, Part II: Oral Antibiotics
How effective are oral antibiotics in treating acne of at least mild-moderate severity?
#363 Making a difference in indifference? Medications for apathy in dementia
In patients with dementia, how safe and effective are stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics for treating apathy?
#362 Facing the Evidence in Acne, Part I: Oral contraceptives and spironolactone in females
How effective are combined oral contraceptives (COC) and spironolactone for treating acne of at least mild-moderate severity in females?
As in many cases the Canadian guidelines refuse to align with study evidence and exams and colleague pressure continue to not pay attention to the evidence. Frustrating when you practice conservative prescribing and even the specialist insist on upwind doses of meds.