#101 NSAIDs and cardiovascular safety: the truth makes my heart hurt
CLINICAL QUESTION
Do different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have different cardiovascular risks?
BOTTOM LINE
COX-2 inhibitors and traditional NSAIDs, except naproxen, increase the risk of major vascular events and death. When prescribing NSAIDs, patients’ gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) risk should be assessed, with naproxen or low-dose ibuprofen possibly preferred for patients at risk of CV disease.
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EVIDENCE
Meta-analysis of 754 randomized controlled trials (~350,000 patients):1
- Mixed population, primarily arthritis, at low-moderate CV risk (i.e. CV event rate ~1% per year).
- COX-2 inhibitors, compared to placebo, increased:
- All-cause mortality, Rate Ratio (RR) 1.22 (95% Confidence Interval 1.04–1.44).
- Major CV events, RR 1.37 (1.14–1.66).
- Diclofenac (150 mg/day): similar risks to COX-2s for mortality [RR 1.02 (0.84–1.24)] and CV events [RR 0.97 (0.84–1.12)].
- Indirectly, diclofenac significantly increases CV events [RR 1.41 (1.12–1.78)] but not mortality [RR 1.20 (0.94–1.54)] compared to placebo.
- Naproxen (1000 mg/day) has less CV events and mortality than COX-2 inhibitors and may be similar to placebo.
- Relative risk similar between patients with or without prior CV disease.
- 7,297 patients with arthritis with no prior CV disease followed for three years:2 3.4% in both groups
- 24,081 patients with arthritis with low-moderate CV risk followed for 2.8 years:3 Celecoxib 2.3% ibuprofen 2.7%, naproxen 2.5%.
- However, several limitations challenge "non-inferiority" of celecoxib: Wide non-inferiority margin (up to 40% higher CV risk),2,3 different conclusions based on analysis used,2 enrolled a lower-risk population than planned,2,3 comparison of non-equipotent doses with lower efficacy with celecoxib,2,3 high discontinuation and loss-to-follow-up,3 and others.4
- All COX-2s and NSAIDs, except naproxen and low-dose ibuprofen (≤1200 mg/day), increase CV risk.
- Risk increases with increasing NSAID dose.
CONTEXT
- In Canada, naproxen (28%), celecoxib (21%), and diclofenac (17%) account for the majority of NSAIDs prescribed.6
- The magnitude of the CV risk with high-risk NSAIDs is similar to the magnitude of the CV benefit with statin therapy. Choosing high-risk NSAIDs (taken daily) can cause one additional CV event over five years in:1
- ~100 low-risk patients (baseline 5% ten-year CV risk).
- ~25 high-risk patients (baseline 20% ten-year CV risk).
- Generally, NSAIDs with relatively lower CV risks (naproxen) have relatively higher GI complication risks (ulcers and bleeds) and vice versa (coxibs).7
- Adding a proton pump inhibitor to a non-selective NSAID results in similar GI complication risks as COX-2s.8
- All NSAIDs increase risk of heart failure.1
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